By Y. Grubuz. Bryant College. 2018.

Taken together generic 2.5 mg altace with amex pulse pressure congestive heart failure, these in vitro biological activities of polyphenols such as trans-resveratrol purchase altace 10 mg line blood pressure chart stress, (antioxidant, anti-atherogenic, anti-thrombotic, vasorelaxant and anti-hypertensive) could explain the benefcial effects of wine in the pre- vention of cardiovascular disease [93]. Klurfeld and Kritchewsky [94] found that red wine notably reduced coro- nary atherosclerosis in rabbit. Using a hamster model of atherosclerosis, Auger and co-workers [95] showed that the aortic fatty streak area was signifcantly reduced (76 %) in the group receiving resveratrol, at a level mimicking a moder- ate consumption of red wine. Intravenous and intragastric administration of red wine, grape juice and not white wine inhibited in vivo platelet activity and thrombosis in canine coronary arteries [96]. After 2–4 months of beverage con- sumption, rats exhibited a reduction in platelet aggregation at the same rate by alcohol, red wine and white wine [97]. By contrast, only red wine did not result in a rebound effect on platelets after deprivation of the alcoholic bever- age. This protective effect appears to be essentially associated with polyphenols, which could counteract the known increased lipid peroxidation observed in as- sociation with alcohol drinking. Numerous data in animals suggest strongly that piceatannol and in particular resveratrol might protect against ischaemic damage during myo- cardial infarction and brain damage following cerebral ischaemia [2]. In human experimental studies, the ingestion of red wine led to an increase in the serum antioxidant activity, which peaked after 1–2 h [99, 100]. It was also reported that coronary fow-velocity reserve and fow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery increased specifcally after the intake of red wine by volunteers, certainly due to the improvement of endothelial function and the vasorelaxant effects of polyphenols [110, 111]. Similar results were ob- Chapter 2 Grapevine Stilbenes and Their Biological Effects 43 tained in patients with coronary heart disease who ingested a red grape poly- phenol extract containing mainly favanols and phenolic acids, but also trans- resveratrol and ε-viniferin [112]. This relatively new concept is based on epidemiological studies that suggest a strong link between the environment (excluding genetic susceptibility) and cancer. In the United States, approximately 35 % of cancer deaths are attributable to variation in diet. Indeed, carcinogenesis is a multistage process, and tumour development can occupy an important portion of the life span of an individual following long exposure to exogenous factors (such as dietary factors), which largely determine the incidence of carcinogenesis [114, 115]. This offers numer- ous opportunities for intervention before malignant tumours develop. Initiation: this results from the exposure of normal cells to carcinogenic agents, which cause genetic change. Promotion: selective clonal expansion of initiated cells, which leads to the appearance of a benign tumour. Progression: genetic change and conversion of the tumour from benign to malignant. Chemopreventive agents can act by various mechanisms on this process [115, 116]: 1. These compounds are referred to as “block- ing agents” due to their ability to prevent initiation. Other compounds that inhibit the carcinogenic process after initiation are classifed as “suppressing agents”. Clifford and co-workers [118] reported that a diet with red wine solids rich in phenols delayed the onset of tumours in transgenic mice that spontaneously develop externally visible tumours without carcinogen pre-treatment. The study of tumorigenesis in a two- stage mouse skin cancer model showed that topical application of resveratrol reduced the number of skin tumours per mouse by up 98 % and lowered drasti- cally the percentage of mice with tumours [120, 121]. Since Jang’s famous pa- per [120], systemic administration of resveratrol has been shown to inhibit the initiation and the development of tumours in about 30 rodent cancer models, but there are a few exceptions in which no beneft has been found [2]. The other results [122] show the effcacy of low doses of resveratrol in rat model of colon carcinogenesis, suggesting that the concentration present in a food sources such as red wine, could be active [2]. In addition, several reports indicate that trans-resveratrol inhibits the prolif- eration of a wide variety of tumour cells (e. Among the other stilbenes, piceatannol, α- and ε-viniferin, hopeaphenol, pallidol, ampelopsin- A, vaticanol B and C, and pterostilbene also exert cytotoxicity and/or anti-pro- liferative effects on different tumour cell lines [128–136]. We studied the effects of grapevine stilbenes on cultured human liver myofbroblasts [137].

Myrrh is the pale Mode of Administration: Muskmallow is used as a tea or yellow granular secretion that is discharged into cavities in tincture discount 5 mg altace amex blood pressure chart age 65, and is administered both internally and externally order altace 5 mg visa blood pressure 220120. The exudate hardens to a red- Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to 10 brown mass about the size of a walnut. The fruit is brown, about 7 mm long, ovate and Maurer B, Greider A, (1977) Helv Chim Acta 60:1155. A few trifoliate leaves grow at the end of short wounds (as a styptic), amenorrhea and abdominal tumors. Indian Medicine: Among uses in Indian medicine are The oleo-gum resin exudes from fissures or incisions in the menstrual disorders, stomach complaints, wounds, ulcers and bark and is collected as irregular masses or tears, varying in inflammations of the skin and mouth. No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction Habitat: The plant is indigenous to eastern Mediterranean with the proper administration of designated therapeutic countries, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Yemen and South dosages. Myrrh can also Capsules — 657 mg originate from other Commiphora species if the chemical composition is comparable to the official drug. Dental powders — 10% powdered resin Not to be Confused With: Some confusion can arise with Liquid — 1:1 (Myrrh gum) "False myrrh" or Commiphora mukul. As a alpha-copaene and furosesquiterpenes, especially 5-acetoxy- rinse, use 5 to 10 drops in a glass of water; as a gargle, 30 to 2-memoxy-4,5-dienone (aroma-bearer), furanoeudesma-1,3- 60 drops in a glass of water. In dental powders: 10% of dien," isofufanogermacren (curzeren), curzenenone, 2- powdered resin. For this reason, Mucilages (30-60%): chiefly methyl-glucurono-galactans) powdered forms should not be stored. Production: Myrtle leaves are the dried leaves of Myrtus Further information in: communis. Myrtle oil is the essential oil of Myrtus commu- nis, which is extracted from the leaves and branches through Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg. Chief components: 1,8-cineol (15-45%), alpha-pinene (15- Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. The petals be attributable to the deodorizing and bronchosecretolytic are white with fine glands and a somewhat tomentose margin effect of the essential oil. Unproven Uses: Myrtle oil is used internally in folk Leaves, Stem and Root: Myrtle is an evergreen, bushy shrub medicine for acute and chronic infections of the respiratory or a small tree growing up to 5 m high witih opposite tract such as bronchitis, whooping cough, tuberculosis of the branches and quadrangular cane-shaped, initially delicately lung, as well as for bladder conditions, diarrhea, hemor- glandular, downy branches. It is sometimes used glossy, glabrous, coriaceous, opposite-paired or whorled, I as a substitute for Buchu. Among external uses are ear infections, tired Storage: Store the leaves in a tightly sealed container that limbs, fatigue and leukorrhea. General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Pediatric Use: Preparations containing the oil should not be applied to the faces of infants or small children because of Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, the possibility of triggering glottal spasm, bronchial spasm, 4. Symptoms include, among others, a decrease in or loss of blood pressure, circulatory disorders, collapse and respira- tory failure. Following administra- tion of activated charcoal, the therapy for poisonings consists Myrtus communis of treating spasms with diazepam (i. Preparation: Prepare an infusion by mixing 15 to 30 g of the Nardostachys jatamansi. The calyx is Approved by Commission E: bilabiate, colored and has a spurred upper lip. The 2 upper petals are unstemmed, the 3 • Cough lower ones are stemmed and fringed at the base. It is orbicular-reniform, fleshy, Unproven Uses: Nastertium is used internally for infections wrinkled when ripe and dirty yellow. It is also used internally for mild muscular pain, skin Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual, sometimes diseases, scurvy, tuberculosis, conditions of the respiratory perennial and often creeping or climbing plant, 0. The main root is thin and forms an underground externally for hair loss and for infected and poorly healing runner. Characteristics: The flowers are fragrant and the leafy parts smell and taste like cress. Administration of higher dosages of the Production: Garden Nasturtium consists of the aerial parts, fresh plant or of its volatile oil can lead to mucous membrane the seeds or leaves of Tropaeolum majus. External administration involving long-term intensive contact with the fresh plant Other Names: Indian Cress can lead to skin irritations.