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There are great differences in the way in which stillbirths and neonatal deaths are re- corded order claritin 10 mg online allergy symptoms on lips. It is very important improve the quality of reporting and clinical diagnosis of causes of perinatal death6 cheap 10mg claritin fast delivery allergy medicine nightmares. Live birth: «Live birth is the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, which, after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life, such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles, whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is attached; each prod- uct of such a birth is considered liveborn3. While international attention and interventions focus on live- born infants, stillborn infants have largely been overlooked. More than one third of stillbirths take place intrapartum, du- ring delivery, and are largely avoidable2. Consequently the risk of an intrapar- tum stillbirth is on average 14 times greater in developing than in developed countries, increasing up to 17 times this value in the least developed countries7. On the other hand, perinatal mortality rate is not a precise indicator, since it ignores an amount of factors associated with perinatal deaths: • Gestational age and birth weight, main factors correlated with perinatal death, are not reflected. In developing regions, the risk of death in the neonatal period is more than six times that of developed countries. Age at death during the first day of life, day zero, should be recorded in units of completed minutes or hours of life. All over the world, early neonatal mortality represents about three quarters of neonatal mortality. The inclusion in national statistics of fetuses and infants weighing between 500 g and 1. Cultural and religious backgrounds may affect the decision whether to classify a delivery long before term as a spontaneous abortion or as a birth. Maternal mortality is one of the best parame- ters in perinatal health evaluation. Maternal mortality: «Maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of the end of the pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and the site of the pregnancy, due to any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes6. When the woman died, she could have been pregnant at the time, that is, she died before delivery, or she could have had a pregnancy that ended in a live or stillbirth, a spontaneous or induced abortion or an ectopic pregnancy within the previous 6 weeks. In addition, the death was caused by the fact that the woman was or had been pregnant. Either a complication of pregnancy or a condition aggravated by pregnancy or something that happened during the course of caring for the pregnancy caused the death. Identifying late maternal deaths makes it possible to take into consideration deaths in which a woman had problems that began during pregnancy, even if she survived for more than 42 days after its termination. Examples of indirect deaths include epilepsy, diabetes, cardiac dis- ease and hormone-dependent malignancies. The measure combines the probability of becoming pregnant and the risk of death from each pregnancy9. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision, Vol. Antenatal care in developing countries: promises, achievements and missed opportunities: an analysis of trends, levels and differentials, 1990-2001. From: The state of the world´s children 2006; Table 8 «Women» [Database on the Internet. From: The state of the world´s children 2006; Table 8 «Women» [Database on the Internet. Reproductive health therefore implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to repro- duce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. It also includes sexual health, the purpose of which is the enhancement of life and personal relations1, 2. In fact, reproductive health affects the lives of women and men from conception to birth, through adolescence to old age, and includes the attainment and maintenance of good health. Major changes are taking place in the area of maternal and child health all over the world. The need for evaluation and information has, therefore, become increasingly apparent. Different ap- proaches can be used for reviewing a wide range of aspects of health, but the general principles in perinatology, are obviously the same as in other scientific fields3: 1. All the actions executed during the research develop- ment, should be distinguishable, justifiable, and compatible with the needs of the patient or population. When planning the investigation, a number of questions must be taken into consideration6: • What is the objective of the study?

Ghosh would like to thank the Council of Scientifc and Industrial Research buy discount claritin 10mg online allergy medicine makes me pee, New Delhi for the award of a Senior Research Fellowship purchase claritin 10mg amex allergy symptoms get worse at night. Verpoorte R, van der Heijden R and Memelink J (1998) Plant biotechnology and the production of alkaloids. Wink M (1999) Plant secondary metabolites: biochemistry, function and biotechnol- ogy. In: Wink M (ed) Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism (Annual Plant Reviews), Vol. Budavari S (ed) (1989) The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rodriguez de la Serna A, Guindo Soldevila J, Marti Claramunt V, Bayes de Luna A (1987) Lancet 26:1517 48. Millaire A, de Groote P, Decoulx E, Goullard L, Ducloux G (1994) Eur Heart J 15:120–124 50. Buskila D, Zaks N, Neumann L, Livneh A, Greenberg S, Pras M, Langevitz P (1997) Clin Exp Rheumatol 15:355–360 57. Gökel Y, Canataro˘glu A, Satar S, Köseo˘glu Z (2000) Turk J Med Sci 30:401–403 58. Mouren P, Tatossian A, Poiso Y, Giudicelli S, Jouglard J, Dufour H, Poyen D (1969) Presse Med 77:14:505–508 78. Srivastava () 1Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India 2Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India, e-mail: ashokks@dbeb. It is a natural insecticide, known to affect feeding, growth, reproduction and metamorphosis of the insect pests. Because of the broad-spectrum control of insects and the relatively low non- target toxicity it has been widely used in agriculture. To add to its advantage the biopesticidal property of azadirachtin is not only limited to phytophagous insects, but is also known to affect the other pathogenous organisms like nema- todes, fungi and micro-organisms. It is a highly oxygenated and complex mole- cule, which makes its chemical synthesis diffcult as well as uneconomical. Stud- ies are still in progress to make its chemical synthesis successful and practically feasible for the mass production of azadirachtin. Currently, azadirachtin is iso- lated by solvent extraction of the seeds of the Azadirachta indica tree. There are various limitations in extracting azadirachtin from plant sources, majorly due to its limited availability/short shelf-life of seeds, degradation during storage and considerable genotypic/environmental variation in its content from differ- ent sources. A signifcantly larger amount of material (seeds) would need to be processed to yield a reasonable amount of azadirachtin. Instead, it would be better to rely on a rather stable parent cell line that can be cultivated in vitro (in bioreactors) with a faster dou- bling time. A deeper understanding of different aspects of large-scale azadi- rachtin production is therefore very important. Srivastava amount of information has been obtained on the production of azadirachtin by cell and tissue cultures of Azadirachta indica. This approach has an added potential of increasing yield by culture selection and manipulation using elici- tors, precursors, permeabilising agents and growth regulators. Azadirachtin is extremely liable to atmospheric degradation in the presence of sunlight. Al- though few investigations regarding enhancement in its atmospheric stability have been done, more detailed analysis is required to select appropriate stabilis- ers against the photo-degradation of azadirachtin. A great deal of work with Azadirachta indica has been focused on the extraction and quantifcation of azadirachtin. Purifcation of azadirachtin is diffcult to accomplish, especially on a preparative scale due to its complexity and similarity in structure of the chemicals found in the seeds, foliage and cell culture. Reverse-phase high-per- formance liquid chromatography is widely used for the qualitative and quanti- tative estimation of azadirachtin. Even though azadirachtin has long been recognised as a potent biopesticide, no reports are available to date on the commercial production of azadirachtin by plant cell/tissue culture. This chapter provides a deeper insight with respect to the origin, chemical na- ture, application, mode of action and prevalent technologies for the production of this high-value bioactive molecule. He observed that the only plant survivors amidst the devastation were the neem trees.